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Redline darter
The redline darter (''Etheostoma rufilineatus'') is a species of darter endemic to the southeastern United States.
This fish, like most other darter species, tends to inhabit clear, rocky riffles of streams, creeks, and small rivers. Both currently and historically, this fish is known from only the Tennessee and Cumberland River drainages in Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky, Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi. The average length for this fish is 6.9 cm, with a maximum recorded length of 8.4 cm. The maximum recorded life span in the wild for this species is four years. The redline darter feeds mainly on aquatic macroinvertebrates, including midge fly, black fly, and caddisfly larvae, as well as water mites and mayfly nymphs. These fish spawn in the spring and early summer, from May through August. Females reportedly lay between 21 and 131 eggs, which are fertilized by the male and buried in the substrate. Males then guard the nest until the eggs hatch.〔Fishbase. Etheostoma rufilineatum. 2012. www.fishbase.org〕〔The Virtual Aquarium of Virginia Tech. Redline darter. www.web1.cnre.vt.edu〕 Redline darters are among the most common darter species throughout much of their range, so do not require any specialized management. These darters do benefit, however, from management activities that promote healthy streams and a diversity of other darter species because of similar habitat requirements. Due to feeding and reproduction habits, these fish require flowing water, meaning that damming of creeks or streams by humans or beavers could result in extirpation of this species from those water bodies. Also, because this species needs clear water to feed, siltation and pollution that increase turbidity are detrimental to it.〔Zorach, Timothy. 1970. The systematics of the Percid fish Etheostoma rufilineatum. American Midland Naturalist 84: 208-225.〕
==Ecology==
''E. rufilineatus'' exhibits typical darter behavior, preferring to live in riffles of small to medium-sized creeks, streams, and rivers, and is rarely if ever found in pools. This fish is also known to inhabit shallow water shoals over bedrock, as long as some scattered cobble or gravel is available. Areas containing scattered larger rocks are also preferred, because these rocks give the fish refuge from predators.〔Ultsch, Gordon R., Herbert Boschung, and Martha J. Ross. 1978. Metabolism, critical oxygen tension, and habitat selection in darters (Etheostoma). Ecology 59: 99-107.〕 Living in shallow areas limits predation from larger fishes, such as smallmouth bass (''Micropterus dolomieu''), because these fish are often too large to venture into riffles to feed. However, living in shallower water may make this darter more susceptible to predation from terrestrial hunters, such as wading birds and raccoons (''Procyon lotor''). Another possible explanation for this fish’s choice of habitat is its feeding requirements. This fish feeds on aquatic and terrestrial insect larvae and other small invertebrates such as midgeflies, black flies, caddisflies, and water mites.〔Greenburg, Larry A. 1991. Habitat use and feeding behavior of thirteen species of benthic system fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 31: 389-401.〕 These invertebrate species tend to be more abundant in areas inhabited by the redline darter, so are readily available as a food source. Availability of different food sources varies by season and location; the feeding habits of redline darters change accordingly. Because of its choice of food and habitat, the redline darter is often in direct competition with other species of darters, ''Nothotus'' spp. and many of the ''Etheostoma'' spp.〔Mayden, Richard L. and Brooks M. Burr. 1980. Two natural darter hybrids involving members of the genus Etheostoma. American Midland Naturalist 104: 390-393.〕 The redline darter also competes with other small fish with similar habitat requirements.〔Greenberg, L.A. 1988. Interactive segregation between the stream fishes Etheostoma simoterum and E. rufilineatum. Oikos 51: 193-202.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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